The energy industry refers to all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, oil refinery and distribution. Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel, and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries.
In particular, the energy industry comprises:
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the fossil fuel industries, which include petroleum industries (oil companies, Oil refinery, fuel transport and end-user sales at gas stations), Coal industry (extraction and processing), and the natural gas industries (natural gas extraction, and coal gas manufacture, as well as distribution and sales);
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the electrical power industry, including electricity generation, electric power distribution, and sales;
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the nuclear power industry;
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the renewable energy industry, comprising alternative energy and sustainable energy companies, including those involved in hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar power generation, and the manufacture, distribution and sale of ; and,
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traditional energy industry based on the collection and distribution of firewood, the use of which, for cooking and heating, is particularly common in poorer countries.
The increased dependence during the 20th century on carbon-emitting energy sources, such as , and carbon-emitting renewables, such as biomass, means that the energy industry has frequently contributed to pollution and environmental impacts on the economy. Until recently, fossil fuels were the primary source of energy generation in most parts of the world and are a significant contributor to global warming and pollution. Many economies are investing in Renewable energy and sustainable energy to limit global warming and reduce air pollution. in kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) per person per year per country (2001 data). Darker tones indicate larger consumption, while dark grey areas are missing from the dataset. Red hue indicates increasing consumption, green hue indicates decreasing consumption, in the time between 1990 and 2001.]]
History
The use of energy has been a key in the development of human societies by helping it to control and adapt to the environment. Managing the use of energy is inevitable in any functional society. In the industrialized world the development of energy resources has become essential for agriculture, transportation, waste collection, information technology, communications that have become prerequisites of a developed society. The increasing use of energy since the Industrial Revolution has also brought with it a number of serious problems, some of which, such as
global warming, present potentially grave risks to the world.
In some industries, the word energy is used as a synonym for energy resources, which refer to substances like fuels, petroleum products, and electricity in general. This is because a significant portion of the energy contained in these resources can easily be extracted to serve a useful purpose. After a useful process has taken place, the total energy is conserved. Still, the resource itself is not conserved since a process usually transforms the energy into unusable forms (such as unnecessary or excess heat).
Ever since humanity discovered various energy resources available in nature, it has been inventing devices, known as machines, that make life more comfortable by using energy resources. Thus, although primitive man knew the utility of fire to cook food, the invention of devices like and microwave ovens led to additional ways of how energy can be used. The trend is the same in any other field of social activity, be it the construction of social infrastructure, manufacturing of fabrics for covering, porting, printing, decorating, for example, textiles, air conditioning, communication of information, or for moving people and goods (automobiles).
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Economics
Production and consumption of energy resources is very important to the global economy. All economic activity requires energy resources, whether to manufacture goods, provide transportation, run computers and other machines.
Widespread demand for energy may encourage competing energy public utility and the formation of retail . Note the presence of the "Energy Marketing and Customer Service" (EMACS) sub-sector.
The energy sector accounts for 4.6% of outstanding leveraged loans, compared with 3.1% a decade ago, while energy bonds make up 15.7% of the $1.3trillion junk bond market, up from 4.3% over the same period.
Management
Since the cost of energy has become a significant factor in the performance of societies' economies, the management of energy resources has become crucial. Energy management involves using the available energy resources more effectively, that is, with minimum incremental costs. Simple management techniques can often save energy expenditures without incorporating fresh technology.
[ Energy Management :: MEPoL ] Energy management is most often the practice of using energy more efficiently by eliminating energy wastage or balancing justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness with energy conservation.
Classifications
Government
The United Nations developed the International Standard Industrial Classification, which is a list of economic and social classifications.
[ United Nations economic and social classifications Accessed 6 April 2007.] There is no distinct classification for an energy industry, because the classification system is based on
activities,
products, and
expenditures according to purpose.
[ United Nations Available Classifications Accessed 6 April 2007.]
Countries in North America use the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The NAICS sectors No. 21 and No. 22 (mining and utilities) might roughly define the energy industry in North America. This classification is used by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Financial market
The Global Industry Classification Standard used by
Morgan Stanley define the energy industry as comprising companies primarily working with oil, gas, coal and consumable fuels, excluding companies working with certain industrial gases.
[ MSCI-Barra GICS Tables Accessed 6 April 2007.]
Add also to expand this section: Dow Jones Industrial Average
Environmental impact
Government encouragement in the form of subsidies and tax incentives for energy-conservation efforts has increasingly fostered the view of conservation as a major function of the energy industry: saving an amount of energy provides economic benefits almost identical to generating that same amount of energy. This is compounded by the fact that the economics of delivering energy tend to be priced for capacity as opposed to average usage. One of the purposes of a
smart grid infrastructure is to smooth out demand so that capacity and demand curves align more closely.
Some parts of the energy industry generate considerable pollution, including toxic and
from fuel combustion,
nuclear waste from the generation of nuclear power, and
as a result of petroleum extraction. Government regulations to internalize these
externality form an increasing part of doing business, and the trading of
and
on the free market may also result in energy-saving and pollution-control measures becoming even more important to energy providers.
Consumption of energy resources, (e.g. turning on a light) requires resources and has an effect on the environment. Many electric power plants burn coal, oil or natural gas to generate electricity for energy needs. While burning these fossil fuels produces a readily available and instantaneous supply of electricity, it also generates air pollutants including carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide and trioxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas, known to be responsible, along with methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases, for the rapid increase in global warming since the Industrial Revolution. In the 20th century, global temperature records are significantly higher than temperature records from thousands of years ago, taken from ice cores in Arctic regions. Burning fossil fuels for electricity generation also releases trace metals such as beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, mercury, nickel, and silver into the environment, which also act as pollutants.
The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use".
In addition it is argued that there is also the potential to develop a more efficient energy sector. This can be done by:[European Movement for Efficient Energy 2011. Energy efficient solutions for the conservation of energy. Retrieved: 11 October 2011 18:52]
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Fuel switching in the power sector from coal to natural gas;
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Power plant optimisation and other measures to improve the efficiency of existing CCGT power plants;
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Combined heat and power (CHP), from micro-scale residential to large-scale industrial;
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Waste heat recovery
Best available technology (BAT) offers supply-side efficiency levels far higher than global averages. The relative benefits of gas compared to coal are influenced by the development of increasingly efficient energy production methods. According to an impact assessment carried out for the European Commission, the levels of energy efficiency of coal-fired plants built have now increased to 46–49% efficiency rates, as compared to coals plants built before the 1990s (32–40%).
[European Commission 2011. Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC . p. 106 Retrieved 11 October 2011 19:01] However, at the same time gas can reach 58–59% efficiency levels with the best available technology.
[ Meanwhile, combined heat and power can offer efficiency rates of 80–90%.][
]
Politics
Since energy now plays an essential role in industrial societies, the ownership and control of energy resources plays an increasing role in politics. At the national level, governments seek to influence the sharing (distribution) of energy resources among various sections of the society through pricing mechanisms; or even who owns resources within their borders. They may also seek to influence the use of energy by individuals and business in an attempt to tackle environmental issues.
The most recent international political controversy regarding energy resources is in the context of the . Some political analysts maintain that the hidden reason for both 1991 and 2003 wars can be traced to strategic control of international energy resources.[ Oil and Empire – the backstory to the invasion of Iraq] Others counter this analysis with the numbers related to its economics. According to the latter group of analysts, U.S. has spent about $336 billion in Iraq[ The War in Iraq Costs , A running total of the U.S. taxpayer cost to date of the Iraq War. The number is based on Congressional appropriations.] as compared with a background current value of $25 billion per year budget for the entire U.S. oil import dependence[ Gibson Consulting US OIL DEMAND, 2004.]
Policy
Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development, including energy production, distribution and consumption. The attributes of energy policy may include legislation, international treaties, incentives to investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation and other public policy techniques.
Security
Energy security is the intersection of national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities. Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources, attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, the funding to foreign dictators, rising terrorism, and dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil supply.
Development
Producing energy to sustain human needs is an essential social activity, and a great deal of effort goes into the activity. While most of such effort is limited towards increasing the production of electricity and oil exploration, newer ways of producing usable energy resources from the available energy resources are being explored. One such effort is to explore means of producing hydrogen fuel from water. Though hydrogen use is environmentally friendly, its production requires energy and existing technologies to make it, are not very efficient. Research is underway to explore enzymatic decomposition of biomass.
Other forms of conventional energy resources are also being used in new ways. Coal are recent technologies that are becoming attractive after the realization that oil reserves, at present consumption rates, may be rather short lived. See alternative fuels.
Energy is the subject of significant research activities globally. For example, the UK Energy Research Centre is the focal point for UK energy research while the European Union has many technology programmes as well as a platform for engaging social science and humanities within energy research.
Transportation
All societies require materials and food to be transported over distances, generally against some force of friction. Since application of force over distance requires the presence of a source of usable energy, such sources are of great worth in society.
While energy resources are an essential ingredient for all modes of transportation in society, the transportation of energy resources is becoming equally important. Energy resources are frequently located far from the place where they are consumed. Therefore, their transportation is always in question. Some energy resources like liquid or gaseous fuels are transported using tankers or pipelines, while electricity transportation invariably requires a network of grid cables. The transportation of energy, whether by tanker, pipeline, or transmission line, poses challenges for scientists and engineers, policy makers, and economists to make it more risk-free and efficient.
Crisis
Economic and political instability can lead to an energy crisis. Notable oil crises are the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 oil crisis. The advent of peak oil, the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, will likely precipitate another energy crisis.
Mergers and acquisitions
Between 1985 and 2018 there had been around 69,932 deals in the energy sector. This cumulates to an overall value of US$9,578bn. The most active year was 2010 with about 3.761 deals. In terms of value 2007 was the strongest year (US$684bn), which was followed by a steep decline until 2009 (−55.8%).
Here is a list of the top 10 deals in history in the energy sector:
|
| 12/01/1998 | Exxon Corp | Oil & Gas | United States | Mobil Corp | Oil & Gas | United States | 78,945.79 |
| 10/28/2004 | Royal Dutch Petroleum Co | Oil & Gas | Netherlands | Shell Transport & Trading Co | Oil & Gas | United Kingdom | 74,558.58 |
| 04/08/2015 | Royal Dutch Shell PLC | Petrochemicals | Netherlands | BG Group PLC | Oil & Gas | United Kingdom | 69,445.02 |
| 02/25/2006 | Gaz de France SA | Oil & Gas | France | Suez SA | Power | France | 60,856.45 |
| 07/05/1999 | Total Fina SA | Oil & Gas | France | Elf Aquitaine | Oil & Gas | France | 50,070.05 |
| 08/11/1998 | British Petroleum Co PLC | Oil & Gas | United Kingdom | Amoco Corp | Oil & Gas | United States | 48,174.09 |
| 09/01/2010 | Petrobras | Oil & Gas | Brazil | Brazil-Oil & Gas Blocks | Oil & Gas | Brazil | 42,877.03 |
| 10/16/2000 | Chevron Corp | Petrochemicals | United States | Texaco Inc | Petrochemicals | United States | 42,872.30 |
| 06/20/2000 | Vivendi SA | Water and Waste Management | France | Seagram Co Ltd | Motion Pictures / Audio Visual | Canada | 40,428.19 |
| 12/14/2009 | Exxon Mobil Corp | Petrochemicals | United States | XTO Energy Inc | Oil & Gas | United States | 40,298.14 |
See also
Further reading
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Armstrong, Robert C., Catherine Wolfram, Robert Gross, Nathan S. Lewis, and M.V. Ramana et al. The Frontiers of Energy, Nature Energy, Vol 1, 11 January 2016.
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Fouquet, Roger, and Peter J.G. Pearson. "Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300-2000)". Energy Journal 27.1 (2006).
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Gales, Ben, et al. "North versus South: Energy transition and energy intensity in Europe over 200 years". European Review of Economic History 11.2 (2007): 219–253.
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Nye, David E. Consuming power: A social history of American energies (MIT Press, 1999)
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Pratt, Joseph A. Exxon: Transforming Energy, 1973–2005 (2013) 600pp
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Stern, David I. "The role of energy in economic growth". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1219.1 (2011): 26-51.
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Warr, Benjamin, et al. "Energy use and economic development: A comparative analysis of useful work supply in Austria, Japan, the United Kingdom and the US during 100 years of economic growth". Ecological Economics 69.10 (2010): 1904–1917.
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